On Earth Day, Dave Edwards and Chris Wright ask questions about the ethical and environmental impact of photovoltaic panels, their manufacture, use and disposal.
As a construction cost consultancy, ensuring we deliver the best value for clients while keeping an eye on the latest developments and tech is key. At Chawton Hill, working with electrical installation specialist Powercor, we’ve engaged with several solar photovoltaic (PV) projects.
But are they really sustainable? Do the benefits, both financial and ethical, outweigh the costs?
The benefits of PV panels are well-documented, notably being lower energy bills and the potential to feed energy back into the grid.
However, their installation is not without issues. These include the ability to accurately measure embodied carbon, the impact from production, and dealing with end-of-life issues and recycling.
Measuring embodied carbon
Estimates of the embodied carbon impact vary wildly because of the many variables involved in manufacture, transportation, use and post-use.
Consultant Circular Ecology estimates that a large commercial installation of panels could add 50% to the embodied carbon of a building.
Most PV panels come from China, and a lot of electricity is used in that process. In China, most of the electricity is generated using coal. This irony cannot be lost on many.
The manufacturing of PV panels involves numerous hazardous materials, including hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrogen fluoride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and acetone.
There are also risks to human health in the manufacturing process. The monitoring of these risks is arguably less stringent in parts of China.
There are also ethical questions about the labour used in the process, particularly in China. A UK government report has noted several concerns. And from an ESG (environment, social and governance) perspective, there may well be questions that reach far beyond just the carbon footprint of the panels’ manufacture.
Whole-life issues
There will be some degradation in performance during the life of a PV panel, which is typically around 25-30 years.
Then there are end-of-life considerations, given the already noted chemicals and substances involved in PV panels. When that 25-30-year cut-off point is reached, when the panel is no longer useful, what next?
It is estimated there will be 60 million tons of PV waste created by 2050.
Defined as e-waste in the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment regulations, there are strict rules around the recycling and re-use of materials in the panels. Some estimates suggest that 96% of the panels can be recycled – though of course, the carbon used in that recycling process is a consideration. Nevertheless, as recycling and reuse technology progresses in the next 25 years, it seems likely that almost all panels will be substantially recyclable.
The future of PV
We have seen how various PV projects help reduce energy bills and offer opportunities for revenue generation through innovations like car charging stations. As a proven technology with limited maintenance, it’s a no-brainer if you have a south, east or west-facing roof.
The imperative for the world to seek energy sources other than coal and gas means that it’s unlikely PV installations will slow any time soon. The significant benefits outweigh the costs and drawbacks.
As technology and techniques improve in the coming years, we should start to see even more extensive use of PV on projects. The efficiency of the panels is increasing all the time. With innovations such as transparent panels on the horizon, entire buildings could be clad in PV systems.
But ethical and environmental concerns remain about PV panels and their manufacture, use and disposal, which we should not lose sight of.
Dave Edwards is managing director of Chawton Hill Associates and Chris Wright is CEO of Powercor.
I have reservations about the longevity of the components ie inverters and cost when battery storage costs are factored in. Roof mounted panels should be installed by installers with roofing experience to avoid potential issues with fixings/waterproofing compromise etc
John Clinch (retired construction consultant)
I did my dissertation back in 2004 on the efficiencies of PV installations into domestic houses. Then it was heavily subsidised by the government. We should be world leaders in this but China remains the powerhouse in manufacturing. R&D was still new then and continues today. Efficiencies in the manufacturing of the PV was the main issue then and the amount of energy which was being used to convert base materials into photovoltaic units. That and the inefficiencies of batteries. Things are constantly on the move today. Capturing and storing the energy and the efficiencies involved in converting the energy is always a challenge.